Observed correlation studies are the most common for Sydney out of the three types mentioned above. Nassikas N, Spangler K, Fann N, Nolte CG, Dolwick P, Spero TL, Sheffield P, Wellenius GA. Environ Res. These results suggest that substantial health benefits are attainable in Sydney with even modest reductions in air pollution. Regional studies focused on continental Europe or the United Kingdom generally find that O3 related mortality is projected to increase in southern Europe and to decrease in northern Europe (see for instance Casimiro et al 2006, Doherty et al 2009, Geels et al 2015, Orru et al 2013 and Tainio et al 2013). Export citation and abstract The CLE scenario is perhaps the most likely scenario, as it models the future impact of current legislation. Whilst there are a number of studies that have investigated the relationship between meteorological processes and air quality in the current climate, there are no studies to our knowledge that use observed correlations, perturbation analysis or coupled CTM-GCM models (except Physick et al 2014) to investigate how projected changes in meteorological variables may impact air quality in Sydney in the future under different climate change scenarios. Results indicate that reducing the number of vehicle kilometres travelled by 40% would result in a reduction in PM2.5 of 0.4 μg m−3. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Non-road diesel and marine emissions Construction and mining equipment, rail locomotives, ports equipment and ships can all have diesel engines - a significant source of air pollution. The NSW Rural Fire Service issued a smoke warning for Greater Sydney, Wollongong, the Blue Mountains, the Southern Highlands and Illawarra regions on … Climate change may also indirectly increase natural sources of PM by increasing fire weather, dust storms and affecting the production and dispersion of aeroallergens such as pollens and moulds. The main factors responsible for the increase in O3 across Sydney are a projected decrease in NOx emissions, an increase in VOCs and an increase in the number of hot days, with the most influential factor being the increased number of hot days (Physick et al 2014). The figures for total mortality in this study are likely an underestimate. An increase in mean PM10 levels of 1 microgram per cubic meter is associated with a reduction in birth weight of 4 grams (95% CI: 3–6) (Mannes et al 2005). According to Physick et al (2014) the methodology developed in their investigation of O3 related health impacts in Sydney could be applied to investigate the impacts of climate change on PM and associated health impacts. Air quality readings are updated hourly and a daily air quality forecast is made for the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region at 4pm each day. Synoptic types associated with low O3 and PM10 are characterised by a high-pressure belt extending from the Tasman Sea to the Great Australian Bight. Heatwaves and air pollution may also act synergistically to increase adverse health effects. To our knowledge, there is only one study (Physick et al 2014) that uses CTM-GCM models combined with an exposure-response function for Sydney (discussed later in this review). So-called 'grey literature' was not included in this review to narrow included articles to original studies where available and to ensure the rigour of the articles reviewed. 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